General Remarks. Galicia, the N.E. province of Austria, slopes down
in terraces on the N. side of the Carpathians and contains many marshy
plains. Unprotected towards the N. and N.E., it has late springs, short
summers, and long and severe winters. It is rich in corn, wood, salt,
and petroleum, but poor in industries, which are chiefly in the hands of
the Jews (800,000 out of a population of 7 ¼ millions), to whom most of the
inns, taverns, and shops belong. The horse-dealers and carriage-owners
are always Jews. They differ in their dress and the mode of wearing their
hair from the other inhabitants, who despise them but are financially
dependent on them. Of the other inhabitants, who are almost exclusively
Slavonic, about 3,500,000 are Poles, who dwell chiefly in the W. part of
Galicia, and 2,830,000 are Ruthenians, who occupy the E. part; but Polish
is the official and the literary language of the whole province. The
Ruthenians (Russinians, Russniaks) differ materially from the Poles in lan-
guage, in religion, and in political views. In culture they are considerably
inferior; their churches and houses, especially in the country districts,
are miserably poor and squalid.

The Bukowina was severed from Moldavia, that is from Turkey, in
1786, and united with Austria. Unlike Galicia, it is hilly and wooded,
and also differs greatly from it ethnographically. The inhabitants (about
730,000) are chiefly Ruthenians, Roumanians, Germans, Poles, and Ar-
menians. The political administration is quite separate from that of
Galicia, and the official language is German.

Inns. There are good hotels at Cracow, Lemberg, Przemyśl, Tarnów,
and Czernowitz. In the smaller towns and in the country the inns are
generally very primitive and dirty, while in the villages as a rule the
only house of call is the brandy-shop.

Language. A knowledge of Polish is unnecessary for tourists who
limit themselves to a flying visit to Cracow and Lemberg, with perhaps
a short excursion into the Polish region of the Hohe Tatra, for German
is understood by all the cultured inhabitants, and also by innkeepers,
waiters, railway servants, etc. For a stay in parts of Galicia away from
the railway, however, at least a superficial knowledge of Polish is of great
service. — The consonants are pronounced as follows: c = tz; e before
i and ć = ty; cz = tsh (like e in Italian; comp. città); dz and dź = ds;
dž = dsh; h, ch, are guttural sounds (like the Spanish j); j = y; ł = Il;
ǹ = ny; rz and ż = the French j (comp. jour); s = ss or say; sz = sh;
w = v; z = soft s; z before i and ź = tsy. The vowels are pronounced
thus: ạ is like the French on; ệ is like the French ain; ó = oo. The
accent is placed ou the penultimate syllable.

Among the most useful words for travellers are the following: gospoda,
inn; restauracya, restaurant; pokój, room; ŁoSko, bed; ŝwieca, candle; ogieŝ,
fire; jadalnia, dining-room; widelec, fork; noζ, knife; szklanka, glass;
flaszka, bottle; wodu, water; wino wine; piwo, beer; kawa, coffee; mleko,